自考英语语法时间状语从句

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时间状语从句（Time clauses）
一、引导时间状语从句的从属连词
引导时间状语从句的从属连词很多，如较基本的有before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, as soon as 等：
Things were different when I was a child. 我小时候情况与现在不同。
We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。
It’s a long time since I met you last. 从上次见到你，已有很长时间了。
He waited until she was about  to leave. 他等着一直到她准备离开。
除以上基本的引导时间状语从句的从属连词外，还有些本来不是从属连词却可用作从属连词的词：
1) 表示“一…就”的从属连词：the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如：
Immediately he came I told him the news. 他一来我就把消息告诉了他。
The moment I saw him I knew there was no hope. 我一看到他就知道没希望了。
We had no sooner set out than it began to rain. 我们刚出发就下雨了。
Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。
2) 涉及time的几个从属连词：every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，the last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。如：
Every time I see her I’ll think of it. 每次我看到她，我就想起这事。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
He didn’t tell me the last time I saw him. 我上次见到他时他没告诉我。
二、与时间状语从句有关的时态问题
关于这个问题有两点值得注意：
(1) 当主句为将来时态或具有将来意义时，时间状语从句通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态：
Turn off the lights before you leave. 走前关灯。
I will tell him as soon as he arrives. 他一来我就告诉他。
(2) 与since 从句搭配的主句的时态通常是现在完成时态：
He has lived here since 1999. 自1999年以来，他就一直住在这儿。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自我上次见到你之后你到哪里去了?
【注】在特定的语言环境中有时也可能用过去完成时或一般现在时：
It seems like years since we last met. 我们似乎几年未见面了。
Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday. 他昨天告诉我自星期二以来他一直未吃任何东西

三、对before从句的理解
before的本意为“在……之前”，根据具体语境还可理解为“还没来得及/还没有……就……，趁着还没……就……，不知不觉就……，……才……”等。如：
I had not sat long before he came back. 我没坐多久他就回来了。
He almost knocked me down before he saw me. 他几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
Before I could get in a word, he measured me. 我还来得及插话，他就给我量好了尺寸。
I’ll water the flowers before it gets dark. 我要趁着天还没黑把花浇好水。
Be a pupil before you become a teacher. 先做学生，后做先生。
Time passed quickly and three months went by before she knew it. 时间过得飞快，她不知不觉就在那里度过了三个月(from http://www.yygrammar/)。
I will die before I will betray my country. 我宁可死也不会背叛我的国家。

四、对since从句的理解
1. since从句的谓语动词是终止性动词照字面意思理解。如：
I’ve been feeling down since I lost my job. 自从失去工作后,我的情绪一直处于低潮。
2. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为现在完成时时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：
She has never come to see me since I have lived in the city. 自从我住到城里，她就一直不来看我。
3. since从句谓语动词延续性动词，且为一般过去时时，按与字面意思相反的意思理解。如：
I have made great progress since I was ill. 我自病愈以来取得了很大的进步。
4. since前有ever，或从句谓语动词是be且后接表示人成长过程中的某个阶段或年龄的名词、形容词时，仍然按字面意思理解。如：
I have lived here ever since I was a child. 我从还是个孩子时就一直住在这儿。

五、对till/until从句的理解
1. 主句为肯定式，主句谓语动词必须为持续性动词，且该动词所表示的动作或状态一直延续到until/till从句所表示的时间为止，可译作“（直）到……”。如：
He waited until/till I returned. 他一直等到我回来(from http://www.yygrammar/)。
2. 主句为否定式（包括含no, nobody, nothing, never, hardly, little等否定词的肯定句），若主句谓语动词是非持续性动词，则该动词所表示的动作在until/till从句表示的时间开始发生。一般先译从句“直到……”，后译主句，not 译成“才”，即“直到……才……”。如：
His mother didn’t leave until/till he was asleep. 直到他睡着了，他母亲才离开。
Nobody can leave until/till the meeting is over. 直到散会才能离开。
3. 主句为否定式，若主句谓语动词是持续性动词，则须根据上下文去理解until/till从句的含义，一般译为“直到……才……”或“没有到……”。如：
He didn’t wait until/till I returned. 他没有等到我回来。
She didn’t sleep until/till I returned. 她直到我回来才睡着。

六、引导时间状语从句的五类引导词
1. 基本类
包括before, after, when, while, as, since, till, until, once, as soon as 等。如：
Did anyone call when I was out? 我不在家时谁来过电话吗?
We have known each other since we were children. 我们从小认识。
You’ll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完药丸后你会感到好一些。
Make sure that all the lights are off before you go to bed. 睡觉前一定要关灯。
Don’t promise him anything till we’ve had time to think about it. 在我们有时间考虑之前别答应他什么。
2. 名词类
即由名词词组充当引导词，包括the moment, the minute, the second, the instant 等(均表示“一……就……”。如
I loved you the instant (that) I saw you. 我一见到你就爱上你了。
Tell me the moment (that) you get the results. 你一拿到结果就给我打电话。
3. 副词类
即由副词充当引导词，如 immediately, directly, instantly等。如：
I came immediately you called. 你一打电话我就来了。
Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke. 我一进门就闻到烟味。
4. 短语类
主是几个涉及time短语，如every time，each time，(the) next time，any time，the last time，the first time 等。如：
Next time you come in, please close the door. 下次你进来，请关门。
My roof leaks every time it rains. 每次下雨，我的房顶就漏。
He felt nervous each time she spoke to him. 每次她和他讲话，他都感到紧张。
The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 上次我们谈话时他说他还需要两天。
5. 句型类
包括no sooner…than, hardly…when等。如：
I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. 我刚把门关上就有人敲门。
Hardly were the words uttered than he began to regret them. 话刚说出口他就开始后悔了。