东营自考考试大纲00830现代语言学

时间：2022-02-21 16:13:25 作者：储老师

东营自考考试大纲00830现代语言学:

知识点 001: What is linguistics?

Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

Some important distinctions in linguistics:

①prescriptive vs. descriptive (规定性和描述性)

②synchronic vs. diachronic (共时性和历时性)

③speech and writing (口头语和书面语 )

④langue and parole (语言和言语) --- Saussure

⑤competence and performance (语言能力和语言运用) --- Chomsky

知识点 002: Phonology(音系学)

Phone (音素), phoneme (音位), and allophone (音位变体):

Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair

Some rules in phonology:

①Sequential rules（序列规则）②Assimilation rules（同化规则）③Deletion rule（省略规则）

Suprasegmental features--stress, tone, intonation:

①Stress（重音）:word stress and sentence stress

The shift of stress changes the meaning or the part of speech of a word and the meaning of a sentence.

②Tone（声调）--- Chinese is a typical tone language:four tones

③Intonation（语调）:English has four basic types of intonation, the most frequently used are the first three.

知识点 003: Types of morphemes (词素的类型):

①Free morphemes（自由词素） ②Bound morphemes（黏着词素）

③Bound morphemes: roots and affixes ④Affixes: inflectional and derivational affixes

⑤Affixes : prefixes and suffixes.

知识点 004: Features of compounds (复合词的特征):

①Orthographically: 3 种写法 ②Syntactically: the second element.

③Semantically: idiomatic (约定俗成的) ④Phonetically: the first element

知识点 005: Combinational rules (组合规则)

X-bar theory（X 标杆理论）Specifier&Complement

		Specifier	X	Complement
NP	I know	the	student	Who likes linguistics
VP	They	each	told	a story
AP	She is	very	curious	of the answer
PP	He stood	right	in	the middle of the room

知识点 006: Toward a theory of universal grammar --- Noam Chomsky

General principles of UG（普遍语法原则）Case Condition /Adjacency Condition (2)The parameters of UG（普遍语法参数）

知识点 007: Some views concerning the study of meaning

The naming theory (命名论) —— Plato

The conceptualist view(意念论) —— Ogden & Richards Contextualism (情景论) —— John Firth

Behaviorism (行为主义论)—— Bloomfield

知识点 008: Lexical meaning(词汇意义) (1)sense and reference.

Major sense relations（主要意义关系）

①Synonym（同义关系）: five kinds ②Polysemy（多义关系）

③Homonymy（同音异义；同形异义）④Hyponymy（上下义关系）

⑤Antonymy（反义关系）Gradable, Complementary and Relational opposites

知识点 009: Analysis of meaning(意义分析)

Componential analysis(语义成分分析法)--a way to analyze lexical meaning

Predication analysis (述位结构分析) --a way to analyze sentence meaning

知识点 010: Speech act theory

(1) What is Speech act theory (言语行为理论)？— John Austin (2)Constatives (表述句) & performatives (施为句)

locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act

(3) John Searle, illocutionary: five general categories representatives（阐述类） directives（指令类）

Speech acts commissives（承诺类）

expressives（表达类） declaration（宣告类）

知识点 011: Principle of conversation (会话原则) --Paul Grice (1)Cooperative principle

①The maxim of quantity（数量准则） ②The maxim of quality（质量准则）

③The maxim of relation.（关联准则） ④The maxim of manner.（方式准则）

The violation of the four maxims :

Flouting the maxim of quantity * Flouting the maxim of quality

Flouting the maxim of relation * Flouting the maxim of manner

知识点 012: The purpose and significance of the historical study of language

The purpose and significance: diachronic linguistics (历史语言学)

知识点 013: The nature of language change (语言变化的本质)

The nature of language change：all aspects of grammar---in phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, and semantics.

Old, Middle, and Modern English division is conventional and arbitrary.

知识点 014: The historical development of English(英语的历史发展) (1)Three periods:

①Old English （古英语）

Many of the most basic terms in the English language originate from Old English.

②Middle English（中古英语）

③Modern English（现代英语）

(2) Linguistic change of English：

Language change is essential a matter of change in the grammar.

Sound change (英语语音系统的变化)& Morphological change (形态的变化)： Syntactic change (句法的变化)

Lexical change (词汇的变化)：

word formation: compounding, derivation, acronym formation（词首字母缩略）, blending（混合法）, abbreviation（缩写法）, clipping（缩写法）, back-formation（逆成法）, and coinage（创新词）.

Semantic change (语义的变化):

Semantic broadening &Semantic narrowing &Semantic shift

知识点 015: Language family(语系) The Indo-European Family：

The lndo-European language family is the first and most widely investigated language family of the world.

The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of the British scholar Sir William Jones.

知识点 016: Language variation (语言变异)

①Speech community (言语社区)

②Speech variety (言语变体)

Sociolinguists are particularly interested in three types of speech variety: regional dialects, sociolects（社会方言）or social dialects and registers.

③Regional variation (地域变异)

特点：most discernible and definable. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its accent.；language planning(语言规划)

⑤Stylistic variation&

⑥Idiolectal variation

知识点 017: Standard and nonstandard language

Standard and nonstandard language (标准语与非标准语)：

Lingua francas（族际通用语）--English

Pidgins（皮钦语）

Creoles（克里奥尔语）

知识点 018: Diglossia and bilingualism (双言和双语现象)

Diglossia:high & low variety

Bilingualism: Canada; domains (适用域); code-switching(代码切换).

知识点 019: Ethnic dialect（种族方言） (1)syntactic differences (句法差异)

①the frequent absence of various forms of the copula “be”

② “it is” where Standard English uses “there is” in the sense of “there exists”:

③double negation constructions (双重否定结构)

(2) The social environment of Black English：socio-cultural identity (身份认同).

知识点 020: The biological foundations of language(语言的生理基础)

①The case of Phineas Gage:language ability is not situated right at the front.

②The human brain(人的大脑)--cerebral cortex（大脑皮层）

③Brain lateralization : Left hemisphere & Right hemisphere

知识点 021: Linguistic lateralization (语言侧化)

Left hemispheric dominance for language(左半球的语言优势)

Dichotic listening research（两耳分听实验）--Right ear advantage

知识点 022: The language centers（语言中枢）

A number of language centers: Broca’s area（布罗卡区）, Wernicke’s area（韦尼克区）and the angular gyrus（角形脑回）

Broca’s area--Speech production;Wernicke’s area--Speech comprehension

知识点 023:The critical period for language acquisition (1)The critical period hypothesis (语言习得关键期假说)

(2)The case of Genie and degeneration of language faculty with age

Human degenerates after the critical period and consequently,most linguistic skills cannot develop.

知识点 024:Language and thought (语言和思维)

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说)：

linguistic determinism & linguistic relativism

Majors functions of language(语言的主要功能) Interpersonal communications（人际交际） Intrapersonal communication（自我交际）

language is not the only means of expressing thought.

知识点 025: First language acquisition (第一语言习得)

Language acquisition ; first language acquisition ; second language acquisition

The biological basis of language acquisition (语言习得的生物基础)：

Language acquisition as the acquisition of grammatical rules：

The role of input and interaction (语言输入与交流的作用)：

The role of instruction (语言教学的作用)：

The role of correction and reinforcement (纠错和强化的作用)：

Behaviorist Learning Theory

The role of imitation (模仿的作用)：

Imitation, like overt(公开的) teaching, plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.

知识点 026:Stages of first language acquisition(第一语言习得发展阶段)

Although there are individual differences in onset and rate of language development, children across cultures follow the same order of language development.

The prelinguistic stage (the tenth and eleventh months) 前语言阶段

babbling stage: the sounds and syllables: meaningless.

The one-word stage (the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year) 独词句阶段 --- holophrastic sentences (独词句)

The two-word stage ( the second half of the child’s second year)双词句阶段

Two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.

The multiword stage (between two and three years old)多词句阶段

Lacking inflectional morphemes and most minor lexical categories and utterances at this acquisition stage , Which is often referred to as telegraphic speech（电报式言语）.